ENGINE AND VEHICLE TECHNIQUE
*The source of power in vehicles is the engine. * The order of formation of the four strokes in the engine: Intake-Compression-Ignition-Exhaust. * Engines are classified as follows: According to the combustion location of the fuel: Internal Combustion, External Combustion In internal combustion engines: Gasoline-LPG-Diesel In spark ignition engines: Gasoline LPG. is used. In injection-ignition engines, diesel is used as fuel. 5. According to cooling system: Air and Water cooled 6. According to their time: Two and Four stroke According to the number of cylinders: Single cylinder, Multi-cylinder * In two-stroke engines, work is achieved in two movements of the piston (the crankshaft makes 1 full revolution), and in four-stroke engines, work is achieved in four movements (the crankshaft makes 2 full revolutions). * Fixed Engine Parts: Air Filter (Cleans the air entering the cylinders) Carburetor. (Prepares fuel-air mixture in l/15 ratio) Manifolds (Intake and Exhaust Manifold) Valve Cover (Rocker) Cylinder head Cylinder Block (Bears the crankshaft and pistons) Crankcase (Stores engine oil)
* Moving Engine Parts:
Piston (Motion starts at the top of the piston at the end of combustion) (The ring is attached to the piston. It is a part of the engine.)
Crankshaft:
a) Water Pump (Circulation)
b) Alternator (Alternator)
c) Cam Shaft (Camshaft)
d) Flywheel
camshaft
a) Oil Pump
b) Gasoline Pump
c) Distributor
d) Valves
* Valve adjustment is made on the engine.
* In spark ignition engines, the gasoline-air mixture is sucked, compressed and ignited by the spark plug.
* In injection-ignition engines, only air is filled into the cylinders. The compression ratio of a 4-stroke diesel engine is higher in the compression stroke.
* IGNITION SYSTEM Ignites the air fuel mixture in the cylinder.
a) Accumulator (Battery)
b) Ignition switch (Duty: Opens and closes the electrical circuit.)
c) Induction Coil
d) Distributor
1st Dispensing Roller
Meksefe (capacitor)
Platinum
e) High voltage cables
f) spark plug
Spark Plug, Platinum and Advance settings are made in the ignition system.
* Accumulator; It feeds the light and special receivers when the vehicle is not running, and gives current to the starter motor when the vehicle is started. During daily maintenance, it is checked whether the element dust cover holes are open and the water level. If it is missing, add pure water up to 1cm above the plates. If the battery is to be boosted with another battery, the + pole should be connected to the + pole, and the - pole to the - pole. Battery boost is not possible in vehicles with digital displays.
* During maintenance of the battery, the oxides of the terminals are cleaned.
* If a metal piece is placed in contact with the two poles of the battery, it will short circuit and explode.
* The battery must be fully charged to prevent it from freezing.
* If dirt accumulates on the top of the accumulator, it will discharge automatically.
* If the fire due to short circuit the battery terminals are removed. If electricity supply is to be made on the vehicle, battery terminals must be removed.
* The induction coil increases the battery voltage to 15-25 thousand volts.
* The distributor distributes electricity to the spark plugs according to the firing order.
-The reason why sinkers form nozzles and burr is that the nozzle is defective.
-Platinum contacts are cleaned with sandpaper.
* Spark plugs; provides ignition.
* If a spark plug malfunctions or if one of the spark plug wires is disconnected, the engine runs irregularly and jerkily.
* The reasons why there is no normal combustion in a gasoline engine are that the spark plugs do not ignite normally, they are covered with soot, they are worn out, and the platinum adjustment is incorrect.
* Ignition and fuel system misadjustments eventually burn too much gasoline, lose traction, and emit black smoke from the exhaust.
* Platinum and Spark Plug are among the parts that are replaced after a certain mileage in the engine.
* If the ignition key is left on during ignition, the coil will burn and the platinum will burn.
* If the ignition system parts get wet, dry them and start the engine.
* Engines with electronic ignition systems generally do not have platinum.
* Electronic ignition system provides fuel savings. Spark plug ignition voltage is higher.
*FUEL SYSTEM
a) Warehouse: It is the place where the fuel required for the vehicle is stored.
b) Gasoline (Automatic) Pump (Works between the tank and the carburetor, sends the gasoline it takes from the tank to the carburetor.)
c) Fuel Filter cleans the fuel entering the engine
d) The fuel gauge shows the amount of fuel to the driver.
e) Air Filter (If clogged, the engine runs with rich mixture and is cleaned with compressed air. In winter, it is placed in winter position.)
f) Carburetor (Prepares the fuel-air mixture required for the engine, is on the intake manifold)
g) Intake Manifold
h) Fuel pipes
* Idle Speed Adjustment is made in the fuel system (Carburetor)
* If there is dust, water or dirt in the fuel, the vehicle will stall.
* Choke device is used for easy working in cold weather. The choke throttle is in front of the carburetor air intake. If the choke is forgotten to be pulled, the vehicle will burn too much gasoline, choke and stall. (Automatic choke is changed to summer position in summer and winter position in winter.)
* If the engine stalls when it warms up, the carburetor may be faulty.
* In vehicle, motor is stopped when filling fuel.
* Even if we take our foot off the gas pedal, the circuit that keeps the engine running is the idle circuit.
* To start the flooded engine, apply the accelerator pedal to full throttle and start.
* The exhaust of the vehicle is checked to understand whether it is burning too much fuel. If the exhaust color is black, it may be burning too much fuel.
* When the fuel indicator light turns on, the vehicle travels another 30-50 km.
* The exhaust silencer reduces the sound of pressurized burnt gases.
* Unleaded gasoline is used in vehicles with a Catalytic Converter.
* In vehicles with injection, the starter is started after the injection lamp turns off.
* The oxygen probe is part of the fuel injection system.
* Advantage of injection fuel system; It saves fuel.
*LUBRICATION SYSTEM
1- Crankcase (stores oil.)
2- Oil Pump
3- Oil Filter (cleans the oil)
4- Lubrication Channels
5- Dipstick (measures the oil level)
6- Oil Sendr
7- Oil Indicator
* Functions: To prevent wear between parts, to help cooling and to provide cleaning.
* Oil Pump; It takes its movement from the camshaft and presses the oil in the crankcase between the rubbing parts.
* The oil should be between the two lines on the dipstick.
* As long as the vehicle is running, the indicator shows whether there is lubrication or not.
* The oil indicator should go off when the vehicle is running, if it comes on, the vehicle is stopped. (The indicator comes on when there is no oil left in the crankcase, the crankcase gasket is torn, or the sender cables are short-circuited.)
* Engine oil is checked during daily maintenance.
* If the vehicle is running when the oil check is made, wait 4-5 minutes after the ignition is turned off. is expected and controlled. The vehicle must be on level ground. If the engine is started when the oil level is much below normal, the engine will heat up and burn out.
* The exhaust smoke of the oil-burning engine is blue. The engine burns oil when the cylinders are worn.
* Engine oil and oil filter are among the parts that are replaced in the engine after a certain mileage. Engine oil should be changed when the engine is warm.
* New engine oil is filled through the cap on the valve cover (rocker cover).
*COOLING SYSTEM
A) Air cooling: One of the features that distinguishes an air-cooled engine from a water-cooled engine is the absence of a radiator and water pump.
B) Water Cooling;
Radiator is a sort of container holding cool water)
Radiator booster (additional) water container
Fan (Propeller)
Heating and radiator hoses
Circulation (Water) pump (activated by the fan belt)
fan belt
cooling channels
Thermostat: keeps the engine water temperature at a certain degree.
1 heat (heat) sender
1heat (temperature) Indicator
fan motor
* Duty; It takes the heat generated as a result of combustion. It provides cooling of the engine.
* Antifreeze is added to the cooling water to prevent the engine water from freezing in cold weather.
* Checked during daily maintenance. As it decreases, drinkable water is added up to the radiator honeycombs.
* Add warm water slowly to the overheated engine while it is idling.
* Engine; Failure to use the appropriate gear and speed, lack of cooling water, corrosion of cooling ducts, clogging of radiator honeycombs, malfunction of the thermostat, and defective radiator cap may cause overheating.
* Thermostat; It is at the cylinder head outlet. It ensures that the engine operates at constant temperature. When the thermostat is removed, the engine starts cold, warms up slowly and wear increases.
* If the belt is loose or broken, the engine will overheat. Belt tension is about 1.5 cm.
* The radiator cap of an overheated engine should be opened after the air pressure is relieved.
* If the temperature indicator in the vehicle does not work, the heat sender may be faulty.
* The water in the radiator booster (additional) water container should be in the marked place on the container.
*MARS SYSTEM
Battery
Ignition key
Starter Motor
Flywheel Gear
* Duty; Giving the engine a first start.
* We should not start the vehicle while it is running, as the starter gear will be damaged.
* Cranking time is 10-15 seconds, cranking more will drain the battery.
* If the starter motor does not turn and the horn does not sound when the starter is pressed, the battery is discharged.
* If there is a clicking sound when starting and the starter motor does not work, the battery terminals may be loose.
* When the starter is pressed, the starter rotates the engine. If the engine does not start, the Ignition or Fuel system is faulty.
* The starter motor transmits movement to the flywheel gear.
* If the engine is started by pushing the vehicle, the timing belt may break.
* Starting a vehicle with a discharged battery by connecting the battery of another vehicle with cables is called Boosting.
* When starting the vehicle for the first time, it is beneficial to press the clutch pedal after giving some gas.
*CHARGING SYSTEM
Alternator
Conjector (Regulator): Balances the electricity produced
3. Charging Indicator
* Duty; It produces the continuous electrical energy needed as long as the vehicle is running.
* The indicator should come on when the ignition is turned on and go out when the vehicle starts.
* If the charge indicator is on while the vehicle is running, it means that the charge has been interrupted and it requires stopping.
* If the belt is broken or loose, the alternator is faulty or the cable connections are loose, the vehicle will cut off the charge.
* If the fan belt is too tight, the alternator bearings may fail.
* The first thing you can tell is that the belt is broken is from the charge indicator.
* It is the regulator that regulates the current produced by the alternator and gives it to the circuit. If the regulator (Conjector) malfunctions, the receivers will be damaged, the fuses will burn, and there will be a lot of water loss in the battery.
* If the headlights fade out when you take your foot off the accelerator while the engine is running, the battery may be weak.
*LIGHTING AND WARNING SYSTEM
* In the lighting system, there are lamps such as fuses, cables, headlights, parking lamp, fog lamp, license plate lamp, indicator lamp, interior lighting lamp, trunk lighting lamp.
* The warning system includes signals, brake warning lights, reversing light and horn.
* The most important malfunctions of these systems are: short circuit, cable breakage, battery discharge, battery terminal oxidation or battery terminal looseness, bulb burnout, fuse blown, switch failure.
* If one of the lamps connected to the same circuit does not light up, the fuse that provides electricity to that lamp, if none of them light up, etc. is looked at.
* While maintaining the headlights, headlight adjustment is made.
* If one of the headlights is dim, the headlight cable connection may be loose or corroded.
* When fuses burn out, they are replaced with fuses of the same amperage.
* Insurance; It protects the circuit and installation in case of short circuit.
* The brake sender is part of the warning system.
* If the low beams are on, the headlight indicator turns yellow; if the high beams are on, the headlight indicator turns blue.
* Low beam headlights (green color) up to 25 meters, main beam headlights (blue color) up to 100 meters. It illuminates.
* Flasher; It causes the signal lamps to flash.
* If the signal warning lamp flashes very frequently when the signal is given, one of the signal lamps is not on.
*POWERTRAIN
* The elements that enable the movement produced in the engine to be carried to the wheels are called G.A.O. It is called.
* They are Clutch-Gearbox-Shaft-Differential-Axle-Wheels elements.
Clutch; It works between the flywheel and the gearbox, transmitting the movement it receives from the engine to the gearbox.
and cuts or gives the movement from the engine to the gearbox as desired.
Gearbox; It transmits the movement from the clutch to the shaft, works between the clutch and the shaft, and adjusts the speed and power of the engine.
Shaft; It transmits the movement it receives from the gearbox to the differential.
Differential; It breaks the movement received from the shaft by 90° and transmits it to the axle, allowing the wheels to rotate at different speeds in bends and increasing torque (Power).
Axle; It transmits the movement it receives from the differential to the wheel.
* Gear oil is used in Powertrain.
* Grip; It consists of pressure, pad and ball. Sudden stops and starts and constant foot rest on the clutch pedal cause the brake pads to wear out. If the clutch lining is worn, the vehicle will have difficulty shifting into gear and will make noise.
* If the clutch ball breaks down frequently, the clutch pedal is half pressed while the vehicle is in motion.
* If the clutch lining is lubricated, the clutch will leak. If the clutch cable breaks, the vehicle will not shift into gear.
* If the vehicle does not engage when you want to engage reverse gear, release the clutch pedal and press it again.
* While maintaining the gearbox, pay attention to its oil and oil leakage.
* The oil of the differential is checked.
*BRAKE SYSTEM
* The parking brake in the vehicle is used to stabilize the stationary vehicle. If the parking brake cable is broken, the parking brake will not work.
* The E1 brake is mechanical and stops the two rear wheels. If left pulled in cold weather, the pads will freeze and stick to the drums.
* We should not forget to keep the handbrake on while the vehicle is moving; The drums get hot, the pads wear out, and the vehicle has difficulty moving.
* If the foot brake is pressed, the front and rear wheels with stops.
* The foot brake is hydraulic, hydraulic oil is used in the brake system, and is checked during daily maintenance.
* If the speed of the vehicle does not decrease despite braking, there may be no brake fluid or it may be low or even the brake settings may be loose. It may have leaked oil into the brake system. There may be a leak in the brake system. The pads and brake system may be overheated.
* If there is air in the brake system, the pedal softens and the stopping distance becomes longer.
* If the brake adjustment is tight, the vehicle will have difficulty moving and the drums will get hot when controlled manually.
* If the brake pedal vibrates during braking, the disc or drum surfaces are defective.
* If there is a friction noise coming from the brake during braking, dust particles may be stuck on the pad and disc surfaces.
* If one of the front tires is new and the other is old, the vehicle will pull to one side while braking.
* If there is no brake adjustment gap, constant brake friction occurs.
* The advantages of ABS brakes are that they do not impair steering control while braking and shorten the braking distance.
* If the engine of a car with Westinghouse type brakes is stopped while it is in motion, the brake will not work. If the vacuum diaphragm is punctured, the pedal becomes stiff and the brake does not work.
* If the air pressure indicator does not show pressure in a vehicle with air brakes, the vehicle cannot be lifted from its location. If the air pressure drops too quickly, there is a leak in the pipes or records.
* Engine (Compression) brake slows down the vehicle.
* The advantage of the disc brake system is that the pad and disc surfaces cool down more easily.
* On tractors, the right-left brake lever is locked when driving on a straight road.
*TIRES
* Tires without inner tubes are called duplex tyres.
* If tire inflation is higher than necessary; It wears out in the middle part and vibrations occur in the vehicle.
* If the tire pressure is less than necessary; sidewalls wear out, the vehicle loses energy and burns too much gasoline.
* If the tire air pressure increases due to heating while driving on the road, nothing is done.
* The numbers on the tire indicate the dimensions.
* If one of the front tires is duplex and the other is chamrel, the vehicle pulls to one side.
* If the front tire air pressures are not equal, the vehicle pulls to one side.
* Vehicle tires will be checked when the vehicle ride.
* When changing a tire, the parking brake must be applied when the jack is installed.
* In snowy weather, the chain is attached to both tractor wheels.
* Cleaning the wheel bolts are made with dry cloth.
*FRONT LAYOUT SYSTEM
1. Steering wheel
steering shaft
steering gear box
Tie rods and tie rod ends.
* Front alignment system guides the vehicle.
* If the tie rod ends are worn, there will be vibrations in the steering wheel and steering play will increase.
* Steering box malfunctions also increase steering play.
* If you have to turn the steering wheel lower than normal air pressure.
* While servicing the steering system, the steering box oil is checked and adjusted.
* In a vehicle with faulty wheel alignment, the steering wheel pulls to one side and the tires wear out both inside and outside.
* While checking the front alignment, tie rod arms and tie rod ends are checked.
* If there are vibrations in the vehicle after a certain kilometer on a flat road, the tires are unbalanced.
* Tie rod adjustment; It is done to prevent tire wear and to ensure proper direction tracking of the vehicle.
*SUSPENSION SYSTEM
* The suspension system consists of springs and shock absorbers, the springs absorb the impacts coming from the ground and the shock absorber limits the oscillations of the spring.
*BREAKING IN PERIOD (TIME)
* The first period of use between 0-2000 km in a new vehicle is called running-in. Running-in time is the time the working parts get used to each other.
* Until the break-in period is completed, do not accelerate at high speed, do not make sudden stops or starts, do not run the engine at full power, do not drive at a constant speed for a long time.
* The process performed in services between 1000-2000 km on a new vehicle is called 'First Maintenance'.
*DIESEL FUEL SYSTEM
* The Feed Pump pumps pressurized diesel from the tank to the Fuel Injection Pump. It is the Fuel Injection Pump that increases the pressure of the fuel and presses the injectors. These are the Injectors that spray the fuel into the cylinders and provide ignition.
* The diesel fuel system will not work if there is air. If fuel runs out in the tank and one of the elements is removed and installed, air will leak. In this case, the system must be vented.
* The daily operation in the diesel fuel system is to drain the water from the fuel tank.
* If the filter in diesel engines becomes clogged and the diesel pump malfunctions, the vehicle will emit black smoke and burn excess diesel.
* Glow plugs are used to start a diesel engine easily, especially in cold weather.
* When starting the vehicle, you should wait for the glow plug lamp to turn off before starting the starter.
To save fuel while driving;
The air filter should be cleaned,
Carburetor settings should be made,
It should not be forgotten that the choke circuit is open,
Idle speed should not be high,
Worn spark plugs should be cleaned,
Tire air pressures should be normal,
Brake settings are not tight,
Driving in the appropriate gear,
There should be no clutch slippage,
The speed should not be exceeded 90/100 km per hour.
All settings must be correct
Parts that need to be replaced after a certain mileage should be replaced in a timely manner.